Anna Karenina: A Novel of Love, Sex and Marriage
"All happy families resemble one another, each
unhappy family is unhappy in its own way" (1).
This
aphoristic sentence is the beginning of Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina which
gives the reader an introduction to the entire novel: the novel is about the happiness
or unhappiness in family life. There are stories of three married couples
illustrating their attitude and Tolstoy’s views on love, sex and marriage. Therefore,
it is often said that Anna Karenina is a novel of love sex and marriage.
The character vigorously driven by
love is Anna married to Karenin, 20 years older than her, a bureaucrat, always
cold and formal, whom she can not love. She is only in chain with the fetters
of a social system. Therefore whenever she finds her demands of her soul, and
probably of body also, in Vronosky, Anna, an unfulfilled lady decides to
possess him at any cost. She transgresses all familial, social and religious
bounds. The result of this unlawful love is devastating:
“Yes, to die! Alexis Alexandrovich’s shame and
disgrace, and Serezha’s, and my own terrible shame-all will be saved by my
death.”
Sex especially adultery has got a critical treatment
in the novel. Tolostoy has never approved of adultery but the sanctity of marriage.
The accusation of adultery is directed against two persons Obnosky and Anna. But
the treatment has been different on the standards of male and female. Anna
suffers, and ultimately throws herself before the running wheels of a train, thinking
“I shall … escape from everybody and from myself.”
But
Oblonsky doesn’t suffer, rather he asks Levin to “consider” his extra
marital relationship with a woman “sacrificing everything” for him.
Moreover, he thinks that his duty is to look after her, even though he has his
own family:
“oughtn’t one to pity her and provide for her and make
things easier?”
Again,
Vronosky’s mother is “pleased” at her son’s adulterous relationship with
Anna, because,
“in her opinion nothing gave such finishing touches to
a brilliant young man as an intrigue in the best Society” (part2, chapter 18)
Anna Karenina is important for
its detailed analysis of marriage and family life: love and sex are its
ingredients. There are mainly three couples, either married or living together,
that illustrate the contemporary social picture and Tolostoy’s views on
marriage.
Tolstoy depicts the divided, hopeless
and incomplete marriage patterns in urban society. Such relationships are
exemplified by Stiva-Dolly and Karenin-Anna couples. Tolstoy shows us that
Stiva, Vronsky, and Karenin, unlike Levin, divide their lives sharply between
their homes and amusements keeping themselves outside the home, whereas women,
like Dolly, center their existence on the family, since family unity depends on
the woman.
However, the divided pattern of these marriages and
the double standard of the family allow the dissatisfied partner to seek
outside fulfillment of social, emotional, or sexual needs. Anna is the strikest
example of the divided nature of an unfulfilled spouse: Anna does not hesitate
to declare her pregnancy contributed by Vronosky:
“I am pregnant”
Again,
she declares her determination to Vronosky:
“[I] Become your mistress and ruin my…everything.”
Without solving these marital problems, Tolstoy
develops his characters in such a surrounding that they adjust to their
incomplete relationships.
On the contrary, Tolstoy shows that Levin and Kitty
have the only mutually complete union of the novel. Their marriage is a
fulfillment, not a compromise, because his outside interests and his love are
vehicles which aid him to discover the truth of inner goodness. Levin is
disgusted at the outward show of love of Dolly-Oblonosky relationship:
“Of course she does not believe in his love. Then why
is she so pleased? Disgusting! thought
he.
Tolstoy portrays Anna’s husband, Karenin, as a symbol
of maintaining strictly social decorum even compromising with adultery. To him,
marriage is not only a personal union rather strictly a social institution. His
objections against Anna are that she has shocked public opinion and social code
of morality; has grossly transgressed the religious sanctity of marriage with
her adulterous relationship. Yet he can not divorce his wife for some social
reasons: the separation would prove to be shocking to his son; she herself would
be in public scandal, because in that society divorce happens either for any of
the spouses’ impotency or adultery:
“I warned you of the consequences from the religious,
civil and family points of view. You have not listened to me. Now I can not
allow my name to be dishonoured…”(p.189)
Kitty’s parents’s attitude to choosing her husband
shows two types of tendencies. The mother selects Vronsky attracted by his
outward grandeur. She does not like Levin’s “strange and hard criticisms”,
“awkward manner” and “strange way of life in the country”, while,
“Vronsky satisfied all the mother’s desires; he was
very rich, cleaver, distinguished…an enchanting man…attentive to Kitty”
On
the contrary Kitty’s father seeks inner goodness in Levin:
”Levin is a thousand times better man. This one [Vronsky]
is a little Peters burg fop. They are machine-made by the dozen, all to one
pattern, and all mere rubbish.”
It must be safely concluded that Anna Karenina is not
only the love story of Anna, rather it actually a story of happiness and
unhappiness of family life which includes love, sex and marriage. IN this case,
critics have persisted in Tolstoy’s contrasts between Anna’s story and Levin’s.
W. Gareth Jones comments,
Anna is supposed to illustrate the physical, Levin is
spiritual; Anna is affirming personal fulfillment, Levin of the contrary, sees
the meaning of life outside himself and a higher plane.
Actually
Tolstoy advocates for the sanctity of marriage and the individuals quest for
“immanent goodness” which may be weakened by the mere sex-based relationship.
And the result in the novel is, as Anthony Thorlby states,
“hers [Anna’s] ends in disaster
whereas his[Levin’s] ends in happiness.”
Works Cited:
Jones, W. Gareth. “Introduction”. Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy. Oxford University
Press, 1995
Thorlby, Anthony. Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina. Cambridge University
Press, 1987
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